ABSTRACT: Runoff in agricultural areas with intensive application of pig slurry can transport significant amounts of nutrients. This study evaluates the effects of different pig slurry (PS) application rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 m3 ha-1) on nutrient loss through runoff during soybean cultivation under no-tillage. It was conducted at two sites in southern Brazil, one on an Alfisol (27° 43' south and 50° 3' west) and one on an Inceptisol (27° 47' south and 50° 18' west). The PS was applied to the soil once at the beginning of the soybean cycle. Each plot was 11 m long in the direction of the slope and 3.5 m wide. To induce runoff, artificial rainfall was applied in four different tests (T1, T2, T3, T4), with an intensity of 65 mm h-1 for 90 minutes. The first test was performed one day after PS application, while the other tests were performed throughout the soybean cycle. During each test, runoff samples were collected at 10-min intervals after the beginning of runoff. The runoff amount and the NO3-, NH4+, P, and K+ concentrations in the runoff were measured. In T1, nutrient transport from the Alfisol and the Inceptisol increased with increasing PS doses. In some cases, this effect was still noticeable in T2 and T3, but not in the last test (T4). The transported amounts of NO3-, NH4+, P, and K+ decreased as the period between PS application and simulated rainfall increased. Regardless of the soil and the treatment, NO3- was transported in the greatest quantities, followed by K+, NH4+, and P.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar parâmetros de ajuste para a equação universal de perda de solo revisada (Rusle) de um solo submetido à aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos. Os tratamentos consistiram de 0, 50, 100 e 200 m3 ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS), após o cultivo de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa), além da aplicação de 50 m3 ha-1 de DLS por seis vezes à superfície do solo, em uma sequência temporal, e de um controle com solo sem cultivo e sem dejeto. As avaliações foram feitas quanto à massa de matéria seca da parte aérea da aveia-preta, à massa de raízes e aos resíduos da cultura semi-incorporados ao solo, às perdas de solo por meio de chuva simulada e aos parâmetros para modelagem de erosão hídrica. A aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos à superfície do solo causou a diminuição dos valores de consolidação do solo (Cf), o aumento da massa de raízes vivas e mortas e dos resíduos culturais incorporados à camada superficial (0.0-0.1 m) do solo (Bu), e a redução dos valores de uso anterior da terra (PLU) na Rusle.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine adjustment parameters for the revised universal soil loss equation (Rusle) of a soil subjected to pig slurry application. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, and 200 m3 ha-1 pig slurry (PS), after the cultivation of black oat (Avena strigosa), besides the application of 50 m3 ha-1 PS for six times onto the soil surface in a temporal sequence, and a control treatment of soil without cultivation and without pig slurry application. The evaluations were performed for black oat shoot dry mass, root mass and crop residues semi-incorporated into the soil (RMR), soil losses by means of simulated rain, and the parameters for water erosion modeling. The pig slurry application onto soil surface caused a reduction in the values of the soil consolidation parameter (Cf), an increase in the mass of living and dead roots and cultural residues incorporated in the upper layer (0.0-0.1 m) of the soil (Bu), and a reduction in the subfactor prior land use (PLU) of the Rusle.

ABSTRACT Water erosion and contamination of water resources are influenced by concentration and diameter of sediments in runoff. This study aimed to quantify runoff velocity and concentration and the D50 index of sediments in runoff under different soil surface managements, in the following treatments: i) cropped systems: no-tilled soil covered by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCR); no tilled soil covered by vetch (Vicia sativa L.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCV); chiseled soil after ryegrass crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRR); chiseled soil after vetch crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRV); ii) bare and chiseled soil, with high roughness (BHR). The research was conducted on a Humic Dystrupept under simulated rainfall. The design was completely randomized and each treatment was replicated twice. Eight rainfall events of controlled intensity (65 mm h−1) were applied to each treatment for 90 minutes. The D50 index, runoff velocity and sediment concentration were influenced by crop and soil management. Runoff velocity was more intensely reduced by cover crop residues than by surface roughness. Regardless of surface condition, the D50 index and concentration of sediment in runoff were lower under ryegrass than vetch crop. Runoff velocity and the D50 index were exponentially and inversely correlated with soil cover by residues and with surface roughness, while the D50 index was positively and exponentially correlated with runoff velocity.

A suinocultura em Santa Catarina é responsável por geração de emprego no meio rural e, por isso, apresenta grande importância social e econômica. Este trabalho foi realizado entre março e setembro de 2012 para avaliar a influência de uma aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos na erosão hídrica, em um Nitossolo Bruno aluminoférrico húmico, nos tratamentos constituídos pelas doses: 0; 50; 100; e 200 m³ ha-1 do dejeto aplicado na superfície do solo uma única vez, 30 dias após a germinação da aveia-preta. As parcelas tinham 11 × 3,5 m e declividade média de 14,4 %. Ao longo do ciclo da aveia, foram realizados quatro testes de chuva simulada, cada um com quatro chuvas com intensidade planejada de 65 mm h-1 e duração de 75 min, com simulador de chuva tipo Swanson. As perdas totais de solo e água por erosão hídrica não foram influenciadas pela dose de dejeto líquido de suínos aplicado sobre o solo cultivado com aveia, evidenciando, no entanto, influência do teor de água no solo antecedente às chuvas simuladas aplicadas. Os teores de P e K solúveis na água da enxurrada diminuíram após a aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos no solo cultivado com aveia, por certo tempo; quando o cultivo foi submetido à chuva simulada, os teores reduziram nas chuvas do teste 1 para as do teste 3 e aumentaram nas do teste 4. Os teores de P e K solúveis na água da enxurrada diminuíram com a dose de 100 m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos aplicado sobre o solo para a dose zero m³ ha-1, nas chuvas simuladas dos testes 1 e 2. As perdas totais de P e K solúveis na água da enxurrada não foram influenciadas pela dose de dejeto líquido de suínos aplicado sobre o solo no cultivo da aveia; no entanto, apresentaram tendência de diminuir nas chuvas do teste 1 para as do teste 3 e de aumentar naquelas do teste 4. Os teores de P e K solúvel na água da enxurrada reduziram exponencialmente com a elevação do número de teste de chuva simulada realizada em solo cultivado com aveia, cujos dados do modelo exponencial y = y0 + ae-bx ajustou-se significativamente; o modelo não se adaptou aos dados da dose zero de dejeto em relação ao K.

Pig production in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, is responsible for many jobs in the rural area and it has great social and economic importance. This study was carried out from March to September 2012 to evaluate the influence of a single application of pig slurry to an Ultisol (Nitossolo Bruno aluminoférrico húmico) soil on losses of water, soil, P and K due to water erosion. Treatments consisted of application rates of 0 (zero), 50, 100, and 200 m³ ha-1 applied on the soil surface in a single application, which occurred 30 days after black oat germination. The plots were 11 × 3.5 m with a mean slope of 0.14 m m-1. During the oat crop cycle, four simulated rainfall tests were carried out, each one with four rainfalls with planned intensity of 65 mm h-1 and duration of 75 min, using a Swanson type rainfall simulator. The total soil and water losses by water erosion are not influenced by the pig slurry rates applied on the soil cultivated with black oat. However, there was an influence from the moisture content in the soil before the application of simulated rainfall. The soluble P and K contents in the runoff water decrease after the application of pig slurry on the soil cultivated with oat for a certain period. When the crop is subjected to simulated rain, the contents decrease from the rain of test 1 to the rain of test 3, and increase in the rain of test 4. The soluble P and K contents in the runoff water decrease from the pig slurry application rate of 100 m³ ha-1 to the control treatment (with no pig slurry application) in the simulated rainfall tests 1 and 2. The total losses of soluble P and K in the runoff water are not influenced by the pig slurry rates applied on the soil in cultivation of oat; however, they decrease from the rain of test 1 to test 3 and increase in test 4. The soluble P and K contents in the runoff water decrease with the increased number of simulated rainfall tests in soil cultivated with oat. The data fit the exponential model y = y0 + a e-bx; except for the data on K results with no pig slurry application (rate of zero m³ ha-1).